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A number of conditions have been identified that influence unhealthy development of the individual. Among them most important are      * Genetic Causes      * Bodily Constitution      * Maternal deprivation      * Early Psychic trauma       * Pathogenic family patterns      * Social pathology      Genetic Causes Traits and disorders can be inherited from parents through genes. These may increase the risk of mental or emotional problems. 2) Bodily Constitution Physical health, body structure, and brain functioning influence behavior. Weak health or neurological issues can affect emotional development. 3) Maternal Deprivation Lack of mother’s love, care, or emotional bonding in early life. It can lead to insecurity, anxiety, and poor social relationships. 4) Early Psychic Trauma Painful or shocking experiences in childhood affect the mind deeply. These may cause fear, stress, and long-...

Twentieth century is called age of Anxiety Urbanisation, Industrialisation, Migration etc are creating anxiety among the people. Hence, the abnormal behaviours are increasing among the people. Every person has tense moments or depressions or unreasonably angry moments in life.     Psychopathology deals with the abnormal behaviour. Psychopathology is mental illness. It is startling to know that emotional disturbances lead to health problems But it doesnot mean that effective personality adjustment is impossible in modern life.      The word abnormal means away from the norm. Psychologists feel that individuals who show good adjustment can be called as normals.       Major Types of Abnormal Behaviour 1. Neuroses Mild mental disorders where a person is aware of their problems.    Reality is not lost, but they feel distress, fear, or anxiety. Daily life is affected, but they can still function. 2. Psychoses Severe mental disorders where a pe...

Personality development is a continuous process There are many important events in the life of individual which influence the personality development.         * Toilet training          *Socialization          *Identification          *Sex role identity      1)TOILET TRAINING :    *  Bladder and bowel control is important for a child's personality.  * Toilet training should start early at home. The care taker should teach the child gently and at the right time.      * First, the child learns bladder control, then bowel control.     * Parents and other family members should care for the baby.      *A new born baby wets the bed and the care taker changes it. The care taker trains the child to excrete in the right place and at the right time.  * In some societies, parents are very strict and punish children if th...

   History of psychology tells us that assessing one's personality developed along 4 lines.    * Factual observations of individual differences.    * Self report measures     * Projective techniques     * The wholistic approach ( Evaluating the inner core of traits) Types of Personality      The ancient Indian philosophers recognised three gunas that constitute one's personality. They are         * Sattva ( Purity)        * Rajas ( Restlessness )         * Tamas ( Indifferent) Hippoerates described 4 humours of the body.     The German Psychiatrist Kretschmer proposed that body build (physique) is related to personality traits. Jung classification  Carl Jung theory explains personality based on how people gain energy (attitude) and how they process information (functions).    1. Attitudes (Direction of Energy) 🔹 Introvert ...

PERSONALITY   is a pattern of enduring characteristics that differentiates a person from anotpheher person.       These patterns of behaviour make each of us unique.      The word Personality comes from the latin word "Persona" which means mask.   Definition of Allport:     "Personality is the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his/her characteristic behaviour and thought."     Psychologists tried to understand the nature of personality along three lines.   *Personality as social phenomena    An individual's personality depends to a large extent, on how he acts and reacts in a social group. The traditions, customs, manners and philosophy practiced by a particular community or group, will all have their effect on the individual in the group.   * The Ontological ( Existence)nature          Inner structure is called personality....

DEFENSE MECHANISMS      Frustration  always may not produce aggression. Instead it may create severe conflicts in the mind. These conflicts have very unpleasant tone on the mind and it leaves tension on the individual and individual seeks some kind of relief.       Person may develop his own defenses which save his psyche from the damage.      The term " Defense Mechanism "rather Ego Mechanisms was putforth by  Sigmund Freud.      They are often referred to as "Adjustment Mechanisms or Escape Mechanisms" or "Defense Mechanisms".    According to Sigmund Freud "Defense Mechanism" means " Unconscious strategies people use to reduce anxiety and tension.      * Developing defense mechanisms is a normal part of life used to handle ego-related frustrations. *Over-dependence on these mechanisms can lead to a long-term inability to deal with reality. If used too rigidly, they become pathological. ...