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Personality development is a continuous process There are many important events in the life of individual which influence the personality development.         * Toilet training          *Socialization          *Identification          *Sex role identity      1)TOILET TRAINING :    *  Bladder and bowel control is important for a child's personality.  * Toilet training should start early at home. The care taker should teach the child gently and at the right time.      * First, the child learns bladder control, then bowel control.     * Parents and other family members should care for the baby.      *A new born baby wets the bed and the care taker changes it. The care taker trains the child to excrete in the right place and at the right time.  * In some societies, parents are very strict and punish children if th...

   History of psychology tells us that assessing one's personality developed along 4 lines.    * Factual observations of individual differences.    * Self report measures     * Projective techniques     * The wholistic approach ( Evaluating the inner core of traits) Types of Personality      The ancient Indian philosophers recognised three gunas that constitute one's personality. They are         * Sattva ( Purity)        * Rajas ( Restlessness )         * Tamas ( Indifferent) Hippoerates described 4 humours of the body.     The German Psychiatrist Kretschmer proposed that body build (physique) is related to personality traits. Jung classification  Carl Jung theory explains personality based on how people gain energy (attitude) and how they process information (functions).    1. Attitudes (Direction of Energy) 🔹 Introvert ...

PERSONALITY   is a pattern of enduring characteristics that differentiates a person from another person.       These patterns of behaviour make each of us unique.      The word Personality comes from the latin word "Persona" which means mask.   Definition of Allport:     "Personality is the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his/her characteristic behaviour and thought."     Psychologists tried to understand the nature of personality along three lines.   *Personality as social phenomena    An individual's personality depends to a large extent, on how he acts and reacts in a social group. The traditions, customs, manners and philosophy practiced by a particular community or group, will all have their effect on the individual in the group.   * The Ontological ( Existence)nature          Inner structure is called personality. Th...

DEFENSE MECHANISMS      Frustration  always may not produce aggression. Instead it may create severe conflicts in the mind. These conflicts have very unpleasant tone on the mind and it leaves tension on the individual and individual seeks some kind of relief.       Person may develop his own defenses which save his psyche from the damage.      The term " Defense Mechanism "rather Ego Mechanisms was putforth by  Sigmund Freud.      They are often referred to as "Adjustment Mechanisms or Escape Mechanisms" or "Defense Mechanisms".    According to Sigmund Freud "Defense Mechanism" means " Unconscious strategies people use to reduce anxiety and tension.      * Developing defense mechanisms is a normal part of life used to handle ego-related frustrations. *Over-dependence on these mechanisms can lead to a long-term inability to deal with reality. If used too rigidly, they become pathological. ...

Stress means a feeling of mental or emotional strain or tension caused by difficult or demanding situations. * It is an unpleasant occurence.  * Stress - pressure or tension         Types of Stress     Stress is of three kinds:         * Biological Stress Related to the body and physical health. Example: illness, injury, lack of sleep         * Psychological Stress  Related to thoughts, emotions, and feelings.     Example: fear, anxiety, frustration         * Socio-Cultural Stress   Related to society and environment.  Example: family problems, peer pressure, social expectations.    Decompensation : When the individual fails to cope up with the long acting stress, the integration of the bodily system is likely to breakdown . This breakdown of the system is referred to as decompensation.       CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS    Long standing...

  FRUSTRATION  Human adjustment is a never ending process. Psychological and social needs are creating more frustration in the human beings than they were in earlier times.      " Frustration means a feeling of annoyance, disappointment or anger when something you want to do or achieve is blocked or doesnot go as expected."          Let's know the causes of Frustration.    * Environment Frustrations:           Our environment is filled with obstacles. The weather in seasons, the extreme heat, the extreme cold, continuous rains, floods etc cause frustration to the organisms. Natural calamities like earthquakes, famines, noise pollution,and traffic jam etc cause frustration.   * Personal Frustration:     When the goal of individual is blocked due to personal limitations one experiences frustration. Not perfect in entrance exam, Inferiority feelings, Unrealistic expectations, continuous fail...

LESSON-2   Conflicts Kurt Lewin - Conflict is a situation, where an individual faces opposing forces, motives, or desires at the same time in making decisions.     * Individuals face conflicts at every stage in the life span. When there are two motives infront of a person, the satisfaction of one motive desire leads to the frustration of the other.     Conflict is the mental struggle that occurs when we have to choose between competing desires or goals.     Sometimes conflict may arise between a motive and person's internal standards. These conflicts are more serious and very difficult to resolve them.     Ex: A candy may be delicious and at the sametime it may lead to obesity.   Conflicts produce undesirable and unpleasant pressure in the individual. Whether the motive is positive or negative, either seeking or avoiding.     There are 4 types of conflicts  Human Conflicts are often complicated with mixed choices and can s...

Dear Readers!    Let's have a readymade reckoner of     Unit-1(Adjustment) of    " Principals of Personality and Adjustment" Lesson-1 Adjustment    Motives ( Factors that influencing Adjustment) Homeostasis  The term Homeostasis was introduced by the American physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon in the early 20th century. Homeostasis (often misspelled “homeostatis”) is the ability of a living organism to maintain a stable internal environment—even when external conditions change. In biology, this is known as Homeostasis. What does that mean in simple terms? Your body is constantly adjusting things like: Temperature (staying around 37°C / 98.6°F) Blood sugar levels Water balance pH levels Why it’s important Without homeostasis, the body’s systems would become unstable, and cells (and ultimately the organism) wouldn’t survive. Areas of Adjustment